TOEIC Part 5 Gerunds vs Infinitives: Rules and 20 Questions

Step-by-step guide

Find the governing expression
Read the verb or preposition before the gap as part of a complete pattern.
Locate the object and check to
Decide who performs the next action and whether to is an infinitive marker or a preposition.
Test the whole sentence
Check voice and meaning, keeping all printed words unchanged.
Transfer and retry
Explain each rejected option, then use the pattern in a different workplace sentence.

Choose a verb form by reading the expression that governs it: consider expanding, agree to expand, or by expanding. This lesson develops that habit through seven rules, 20 original workplace questions with explanations for every choice, and six transfer exercises.

Independent, untimed practice: English AIdol prepared this material with AI assistance. It is not an official or recalled ETS question set. No human expert or examiner review, ETS endorsement, or calibrated difficulty is claimed. Keep your answers in your own notes; this page does not save them or calculate a TOEIC score.

What this practice covers

The standard TOEIC Listening and Reading test has 30 Part 5 Incomplete Sentences questions, with four choices labelled A–D. The whole Reading section contains 100 questions and lasts 75 minutes. This short lesson isolates verb patterns; it does not reproduce a full Reading section. ETS: About the TOEIC Listening and Reading Test; ETS: TOEIC Listening & Reading Score User Guide (PDF), printed page 5.

ETS converts correct-answer counts into a 5–495 score for each section and does not deduct points for wrong answers. These 20 original items have not been equated to an ETS test form, so their answer count is not a Reading score estimate. ETS: TOEIC Listening & Reading Score User Guide (PDF), printed page 9.

Seven checks for the form after a verb

An -ing form used in these complement patterns is often called a gerund. A to-infinitive is to plus a base verb; a bare infinitive is the base verb without to. Not every -ing word is a gerund, and not every to is an infinitive marker.

Learn the -ing complement with its verb

In the patterns practised here, avoid, consider, finish and suggest take an -ing form directly. Learn a short combination such as consider expanding, rather than treating every pair of verbs alike. A past-tense first verb does not make the second verb past tense.

The bakery is considering opening a second counter.
The concierge suggested storing the luggage downstairs.

Grammar reference: British Council: Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive; British Council: -ing forms.

Keep to with verbs that require a to-infinitive

Agree, offer, refuse and manage take to + base verb in these examples. The first verb carries tense: offers to inspect, offered to inspect. The form after to remains inspect. Do not add -s because the subject is singular.

The supplier agreed to label each crate.
Our assistant managed to recover the missing receipt.

Grammar reference: British Council: Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive; British Council: Verbs followed by the infinitive.

Find who performs the second action

Ask, remind, allow and enable can use object + to + base verb. The object names the person or thing involved in the second action. Do not drop to merely because an object separates the verbs.

The organiser reminded the speakers to bring identification.
The new control allows operators to adjust the temperature.

Grammar reference: British Council: Verbs followed by the infinitive.

Use an -ing form after a preposition in these patterns

Read combinations such as by checking, without opening and interested in learning. An -ing clause can follow a preposition and keep its own object. A bare verb or a to-infinitive does not fill that role in these constructions.

The crew reduced waste by measuring the fabric first.
Please enter without disturbing the rehearsal.

Grammar reference: British Council: -ing forms.

Ask which job to is doing

To does not always introduce an infinitive. In look forward to, it is a preposition: we look forward to the visit or to meeting the guests. When a verb follows this expression, use its -ing form. Do not insert a second to.

Our hosts look forward to showing you the new wing.
Compare: They hope to meet the curator. They look forward to meeting the curator.

Grammar reference: Cambridge Dictionary: Something to look forward to.

Distinguish active make/let from passive made

Active make and let use object + base verb without to. In the passive, made takes a to-infinitive. Compare the complete structures before selecting an answer; a rule about active made does not apply unchanged to was made.

The supervisor made the team check the seals.
The team was made to check the seals.
The owner let us examine the samples.

Grammar reference: British Council: Verbs followed by the infinitive.

A different pattern can express a different meaning

Stop doing describes ending that activity; stop to do describes pausing for another purpose. Remember doing recalls an experience; remember to do concerns carrying out a remembered duty. Try doing presents an experiment; try to do emphasises an attempt. Context may permit more than one meaning, so do not treat every -ing/to pair as a one-answer question.

Noor stopped sketching. She ended that activity. Noor stopped to sketch. She paused another activity for that purpose.
I remember collecting the parcel. I have a memory of it. Remember to collect the parcel. It is a reminder about a duty.
Try changing the angle. Test a possible solution. Try to lift the panel. Make an attempt.

Grammar reference: British Council: Verbs followed by -ing or infinitive to change meaning.

Work through the whole pattern

The booking system allows guests ___ their arrival time online. Options: (A) to selecting · (B) select · (C) to select · (D) selected.

Locate allows, then its object guests.
The guests perform the second action. The pattern is allow + object + to-infinitive.
Choose (C) to select. To selecting is incorrect because infinitive to requires the base form select; select lacks to; selected is neither the needed infinitive nor a connected finite clause.
Read it back: The booking system allows guests to select their arrival time online.

This demonstration is separate from the 20 questions. For each question, record the letter and a short pattern, such as avoid + -ing or ask + object + to.

20 original Part 5-style questions

Choose the one option that completes the printed sentence in standard written English. Keep every other word unchanged. The stages are a teaching sequence, not measured difficulty levels. Meaning-change pairs that can support more than one interpretation appear in the transfer exercises instead.

Stage 1: Read the first verb

Questions 1–8 practise common direct verb complements. Decide which form belongs with the first verb before considering tense.

Question 1

Reception staff avoid ___ the access code in messages sent outside the company.

(A) share

(B) to share

(C) sharing

(D) shared

Show answer and explanation for question 1

Answer: (C) sharing

Completed sentence: Reception staff avoid sharing the access code in messages sent outside the company.

Pattern clue: Avoid directly governs the action described by the gap. Review this rule.

(A) share: Avoid does not take the bare verb share as its direct complement. The access code is the object of the missing action.
(B) to share: The to-infinitive does not follow avoid in this construction. The intended action needs the -ing form.
(C) sharing: Correct. Avoid sharing is the required verb pattern, and sharing keeps the access code as its object.
(D) shared: Shared is a past or participle form. Avoid does not supply the auxiliary or construction needed to use it here.

Question 2

The equipment rental company agreed ___ the hire period by two days.

(A) to extend

(B) extending

(C) extend

(D) extended

Show answer and explanation for question 2

Answer: (A) to extend

Completed sentence: The equipment rental company agreed to extend the hire period by two days.

Pattern clue: Agreed is followed directly by the action it accepted. Review this rule.

(A) to extend: Correct. Agreed to extend uses agree + to-infinitive; the hire period is what the company will extend.
(B) extending: Agreed extending is not the direct-complement pattern. Agree to extending would require an additional printed to and a different structure.
(C) extend: The bare verb omits the to needed after agreed. The company is not the subject of two independently joined verbs here.
(D) extended: Agreed already carries past tense. Adding extended does not create a valid complement or a connected second clause.

Question 3

The catering team is considering ___ a refrigerated van for the outdoor event.

(A) rent

(B) to rent

(C) rented

(D) renting

Show answer and explanation for question 3

Answer: (D) renting

Completed sentence: The catering team is considering renting a refrigerated van for the outdoor event.

Pattern clue: Considering introduces the possible action under discussion. Review this rule.

(A) rent: The bare verb rent cannot directly follow considering in this pattern. A noun use of rent would not take a refrigerated van as its direct object.
(B) to rent: Considering to rent is not the standard complement pattern for considering an action. Use an -ing form.
(C) rented: Rented cannot express the action under consideration after considering. There is no passive construction supporting it here.
(D) renting: Correct. Considering renting describes an action being evaluated, and renting takes a refrigerated van as its object.

Question 4

A porter offered ___ the exhibition cases to the service entrance.

(A) carrying

(B) to carry

(C) carry

(D) to carrying

Show answer and explanation for question 4

Answer: (B) to carry

Completed sentence: A porter offered to carry the exhibition cases to the service entrance.

Pattern clue: Offered introduces an action the porter volunteered to perform. Review this rule.

(A) carrying: Offered carrying does not express volunteering to perform this action in the required pattern. Offered needs a to-infinitive here.
(B) to carry: Correct. Offered to carry identifies what the porter volunteered to do; the exhibition cases are the objects being moved.
(C) carry: The bare verb carry is missing the infinitive marker to after offered. Carry is not a noun complement in this sentence.
(D) to carrying: The to in offered to introduces an infinitive, so it must be followed by the base form carry, not carrying.

Question 5

Please finish ___ the delivery records before you switch off the scanner.

(A) scanning

(B) to scan

(C) scanned

(D) scan

Show answer and explanation for question 5

Answer: (A) scanning

Completed sentence: Please finish scanning the delivery records before you switch off the scanner.

Pattern clue: Finish directly introduces the activity that must be completed. Review this rule.

(A) scanning: Correct. Finish scanning uses finish + -ing to name the activity that must be completed before the scanner is switched off.
(B) to scan: Finish does not take a to-infinitive as the direct complement naming the activity being completed here.
(C) scanned: Scanned cannot follow finish to name this activity. There is no auxiliary or passive structure before it.
(D) scan: Finish scan the delivery records is not a valid verb-complement sequence. The bare form scan cannot fill this gap.

Question 6

The consultant refused ___ details of another client’s research.

(A) disclosing

(B) disclose

(C) to disclose

(D) to disclosed

Show answer and explanation for question 6

Answer: (C) to disclose

Completed sentence: The consultant refused to disclose details of another client’s research.

Pattern clue: Refused directly introduces the action that the consultant would not perform. Review this rule.

(A) disclosing: Refused disclosing is not the required direct verb-complement pattern. Refuse takes a to-infinitive for this action.
(B) disclose: The bare form disclose lacks the to required after refused. It cannot act as an independently connected verb here.
(C) to disclose: Correct. Refused to disclose describes the action the consultant declined to perform; refused carries the past tense.
(D) to disclosed: An infinitive marker is followed by the base form disclose. Disclosed cannot follow to in this verb pattern.

Question 7

During the menu review, the chef suggested ___ a vegetarian lunch option.

(A) to add

(B) adding

(C) add

(D) added

Show answer and explanation for question 7

Answer: (B) adding

Completed sentence: During the menu review, the chef suggested adding a vegetarian lunch option.

Pattern clue: Suggested is followed directly by an action, without a that-clause. Review this rule.

(A) to add: Suggested to add is not the direct-complement pattern. A different construction such as suggested that we add would require more words.
(B) adding: Correct. Suggested adding presents the proposed action using an -ing complement, with a vegetarian lunch option as its object.
(C) add: Add could occur in suggested that we add, but that subject-and-clause structure is absent. It cannot follow suggested directly here.
(D) added: Added cannot serve as the proposed action after suggested. The earlier past tense suggested does not require a second past-tense verb.

Question 8

Despite the damaged cable, the engineer managed ___ the live video connection.

(A) to restoring

(B) restore

(C) restored

(D) to restore

Show answer and explanation for question 8

Answer: (D) to restore

Completed sentence: Despite the damaged cable, the engineer managed to restore the live video connection.

Pattern clue: Managed describes succeeding in performing the next action. Review this rule.

(A) to restoring: The to in managed to introduces an infinitive, so the next form must be restore. It cannot be followed by restoring in this construction.
(B) restore: The bare verb restore is missing to after managed. The introductory phrase does not change the complement required.
(C) restored: Restored would need a different clause or auxiliary. Managed already carries tense and requires an infinitive for the successful action.
(D) to restore: Correct. Managed to restore expresses successful completion despite the difficulty caused by the damaged cable.

Stage 2: Read the words around the gap

Questions 9–15 add an object or a preposition. Underline the complete pattern, including any printed to.

Question 9

The host reminded all delegates ___ their name badges during the reception.

(A) displayed

(B) display

(C) to display

(D) to displaying

Show answer and explanation for question 9

Answer: (C) to display

Completed sentence: The host reminded all delegates to display their name badges during the reception.

Pattern clue: All delegates is the object of reminded and identifies who must display the badges. Review this rule.

(A) displayed: Displayed does not provide the action required after reminded all delegates. Remind + object takes a to-infinitive for this instruction.
(B) display: The object all delegates does not remove the need for to. Reminded delegates display is not the intended connected structure.
(C) to display: Correct. Reminded + all delegates + to display names the recipients of the reminder and the action they should perform.
(D) to displaying: In remind someone to do something, to introduces an infinitive. It must be followed by display, not displaying.

Question 10

The shared database enables researchers ___ results from several laboratories.

(A) to compare

(B) to comparing

(C) compare

(D) compared

Show answer and explanation for question 10

Answer: (A) to compare

Completed sentence: The shared database enables researchers to compare results from several laboratories.

Pattern clue: Researchers is the object of enables and performs the comparison. Review this rule.

(A) to compare: Correct. Enables researchers to compare uses enable + object + to-infinitive, describing what the database makes possible.
(B) to comparing: The to in enable someone to do something introduces an infinitive. The -ing form comparing cannot follow it in this pattern.
(C) compare: Enable does not use the bare infinitive after its object in this construction. To is required before compare.
(D) compared: Compared cannot follow this object as the enabled action. There is no passive or finite clause supporting that form.

Question 11

After ___ the loose screws, the caretaker tested the folding chairs.

(A) tighten

(B) to tighten

(C) tightened

(D) tightening

Show answer and explanation for question 11

Answer: (D) tightening

Completed sentence: After tightening the loose screws, the caretaker tested the folding chairs.

Pattern clue: After directly precedes an action without an expressed subject. Review this rule.

(A) tighten: After tighten does not form a valid phrase. A full clause would require a subject and an appropriate finite verb.
(B) to tighten: After does not take a to-infinitive for this earlier action. The construction needs an -ing form.
(C) tightened: After tightened the loose screws lacks a subject for a past-tense clause, and a passive meaning would not take the loose screws as this object.
(D) tightening: Correct. After tightening the loose screws names the earlier action; the caretaker is understood to perform both actions.

Question 12

The warehouse reduced transport costs by ___ several small orders into one shipment.

(A) combine

(B) combining

(C) to combine

(D) combined

Show answer and explanation for question 12

Answer: (B) combining

Completed sentence: The warehouse reduced transport costs by combining several small orders into one shipment.

Pattern clue: By introduces the method used to reduce costs. Review this rule.

(A) combine: The base verb combine cannot directly follow the preposition by to introduce this method.
(B) combining: Correct. By combining describes the method. Combining takes several small orders as its object.
(C) to combine: A to-infinitive cannot follow by in this construction. The method phrase needs the -ing form.
(D) combined: Combined cannot take several small orders as an active object after by. There is no passive construction here.

Question 13

The technician replaced the faulty microphone without ___ the presentation.

(A) interrupting

(B) interrupt

(C) to interrupt

(D) interrupted

Show answer and explanation for question 13

Answer: (A) interrupting

Completed sentence: The technician replaced the faulty microphone without interrupting the presentation.

Pattern clue: Without introduces an action that did not occur during the replacement. Review this rule.

(A) interrupting: Correct. Without interrupting uses an -ing form after the preposition and shows that the presentation continued.
(B) interrupt: The bare verb interrupt cannot directly complement without. The presentation is its intended object, not a new subject.
(C) to interrupt: Without does not take a to-infinitive to express the absent action in this sentence.
(D) interrupted: Interrupted would not produce a valid active action phrase after without. No auxiliary supports a passive reading.

Question 14

The admissions team looks forward to ___ the new apprentices on Monday.

(A) welcome

(B) to welcome

(C) welcomed

(D) welcoming

Show answer and explanation for question 14

Answer: (D) welcoming

Completed sentence: The admissions team looks forward to welcoming the new apprentices on Monday.

Pattern clue: To is already part of the complete expression looks forward to. Review this rule.

(A) welcome: The to in looks forward to is a preposition, so it does not license the base verb welcome here.
(B) to welcome: This would produce looks forward to to welcome, duplicating to and failing to supply an -ing complement.
(C) welcomed: Welcomed cannot introduce the future action after this preposition. The team will perform the welcoming, not receive it.
(D) welcoming: Correct. Looks forward to welcoming uses the -ing form after prepositional to; the new apprentices are its object.

Question 15

Several employees are interested in ___ the new mentoring programme.

(A) join

(B) to join

(C) joining

(D) joined

Show answer and explanation for question 15

Answer: (C) joining

Completed sentence: Several employees are interested in joining the new mentoring programme.

Pattern clue: The preposition in is printed immediately before the gap. Review this rule.

(A) join: The base verb join cannot directly follow in to name the activity that interests these employees.
(B) to join: Interested in to join combines incompatible patterns. Keep in and use an -ing complement in this sentence.
(C) joining: Correct. Interested in joining uses an -ing form after in and identifies the activity the employees are considering.
(D) joined: Joined cannot name the intended active action after in. The printed words do not form a passive or a finite clause.

Stage 3: Check voice and transfer the pattern

Questions 16–20 mix active and passive structures with patterns already practised. Read the completed sentence again.

Question 16

The manufacturer let the visiting buyers ___ the prototype before the demonstration.

(A) to inspect

(B) inspect

(C) inspecting

(D) inspected

Show answer and explanation for question 16

Answer: (B) inspect

Completed sentence: The manufacturer let the visiting buyers inspect the prototype before the demonstration.

Pattern clue: Active let is followed by the object the visiting buyers. Review this rule.

(A) to inspect: Active let takes a bare infinitive after its object. To inspect would fit allowed the buyers to inspect, but allowed is not printed.
(B) inspect: Correct. Let the visiting buyers inspect uses let + object + bare infinitive. The buyers perform the inspection.
(C) inspecting: The -ing form is not the complement used by active let to grant permission for this action.
(D) inspected: Inspected cannot express the buyers’ permitted action after let. The buyers are inspecting, rather than being inspected.

Question 17

The training manager made each recruit ___ the safety procedure aloud.

(A) to repeat

(B) repeating

(C) repeats

(D) repeat

Show answer and explanation for question 17

Answer: (D) repeat

Completed sentence: The training manager made each recruit repeat the safety procedure aloud.

Pattern clue: Made is active: the manager requires each recruit to perform the action. Review this rule.

(A) to repeat: Active made + object takes a bare infinitive. To repeat would fit a passive sentence such as each recruit was made to repeat.
(B) repeating: Made each recruit repeating is not the causative pattern. The complement naming the required action must be the base form.
(C) repeats: Each recruit does not make this a new finite clause. The -s form repeats is not used after causative made + object.
(D) repeat: Correct. Made each recruit repeat is the active causative construction, with a bare infinitive after the object.

Question 18

The contractors were made ___ the damaged floor tiles before the premises reopened.

(A) replace

(B) to replace

(C) replacing

(D) to replaced

Show answer and explanation for question 18

Answer: (B) to replace

Completed sentence: The contractors were made to replace the damaged floor tiles before the premises reopened.

Pattern clue: Were made is passive, unlike active made + object. Review this rule.

(A) replace: The bare infinitive belongs to the active pattern made the contractors replace. The printed passive were made requires to.
(B) to replace: Correct. Were made to replace uses the to-infinitive after passive made. The contractors had to perform the replacement.
(C) replacing: The -ing form cannot complete were made in this required-action construction. It is not a continuous-tense structure.
(D) to replaced: Passive made requires to + base verb, so replace is needed. Replaced is not an infinitive base form.

Question 19

The tour coordinator asked us ___ two seats on the early ferry.

(A) to reserving

(B) reserve

(C) to reserve

(D) reserved

Show answer and explanation for question 19

Answer: (C) to reserve

Completed sentence: The tour coordinator asked us to reserve two seats on the early ferry.

Pattern clue: Us is the object of asked and identifies who should make the reservation. Review this rule.

(A) to reserving: Asked us to requires the base form reserve, not reserving. Here to introduces an infinitive rather than a prepositional -ing complement.
(B) reserve: Unlike let us reserve, asked us requires to before the base verb. A similar meaning does not make the verb patterns identical.
(C) to reserve: Correct. Asked us to reserve uses ask + object + to-infinitive to state what the coordinator requested.
(D) reserved: Reserved cannot express the action requested after asked us. There is no auxiliary or clause boundary supporting it.

Question 20

After submitting the proposal, we look forward to ___ the committee’s response.

(A) receiving

(B) receive

(C) to receive

(D) received

Show answer and explanation for question 20

Answer: (A) receiving

Completed sentence: After submitting the proposal, we look forward to receiving the committee’s response.

Pattern clue: Look forward to retains its prepositional to even though it refers to the future. Review this rule.

(A) receiving: Correct. Look forward to receiving uses an -ing form after prepositional to. Future reference does not change that pattern.
(B) receive: To is part of look forward to, not an infinitive marker here. The future meaning does not make receive grammatical in the gap.
(C) to receive: The sentence already contains to. Adding to receive creates look forward to to receive rather than the required complement.
(D) received: Received cannot complement this preposition as the expected action. The committee’s response is what we will receive.

Transfer the pattern, then retry

After checking an answer, identify the governing verb, object or preposition. For an error, record which clue you missed and explain why your chosen form fails in that sentence. Close the answer and retry with the complete sentence, rather than memorising its letter.

Transfer 1

Repair only the verb form: “The librarian suggested to move the returns trolley beside the entrance.”

Check transfer 1

The librarian suggested moving the returns trolley beside the entrance.

Suggested directly takes an -ing complement in this sentence. Suggested that we move is another possible construction, but it changes more than the requested verb form.

Transfer 2

Use the same action in both gaps: “We hope ___ (visit) the foundry. We look forward to ___ (visit) it.”

Check transfer 2

We hope to visit the foundry. We look forward to visiting it.

Hope takes a to-infinitive. In look forward to, to is already a preposition, so the gap takes visiting. Both sentences concern a future visit; time alone does not select the form.

Transfer 3

Change to the passive, beginning “The kitchen assistants”: “The head cook made the kitchen assistants wash the trays again.”

Check transfer 3

The kitchen assistants were made to wash the trays again by the head cook.

Active made + object + wash becomes passive were made + to wash. The by-phrase can be omitted if who required the action is unimportant.

Transfer 4

Explain the difference: “The courier stopped checking the address” and “The courier stopped to check the address.”

Check transfer 4

In the first, the courier ended the address-checking activity. In the second, the courier paused another activity in order to check the address.

Both forms are grammatical. They describe different relationships between the stopping and checking. The second sentence does not tell us which activity the courier paused.

Transfer 5

Write a reminder beginning “Remember” about sending tomorrow’s order. Then write a sentence beginning “I remember” about your memory of sending yesterday’s order.

Check transfer 5

Remember to send tomorrow’s order. I remember sending yesterday’s order.

The first concerns carrying out a duty; the second recalls an experience. The dates and requested meanings make the intended contrast explicit.

Transfer 6

An office lamp will not turn on. Express (1) changing the bulb as an experiment using try + -ing, then (2) an unsuccessful effort to lift the heavy desk using try + to-infinitive.

Check transfer 6

Try changing the bulb. I tried to lift the heavy desk, but I could not move it.

Changing presents a possible solution to test. Tried to lift expresses an attempt; the added clause states its failure. These are meaning-focused rewrites, not a claim that context-free try questions always have one answer.

Write a new message

Write a three-sentence update about a fictional workplace: suggest one improvement, ask a colleague to perform one action, and name something you look forward to doing. Underline suggested + -ing, asked + object + to-infinitive, and look forward to + -ing. Change the people and activities from this lesson. If a pattern is uncertain, check a learner’s dictionary before repeating it.

Need a shorter start? Try the gerunds and infinitives foundation exercises. This article adds workplace practice and explanations beyond that short set. Next, combine grammar with context in the TOEIC Reading practice guide or visit the TOEIC practice hub.

Sources and authorship

Source information checked on 22 September 2026. ETS supports the test-format and scoring facts. British Council and Cambridge references support the grammar principles; those organisations did not author or endorse these exercises.

The examples, 20 questions, choices, explanations and transfer tasks are original English AIdol material prepared with AI assistance. An independent AI content review checked all 20 keys, 80 option explanations, potential alternative readings, rules, transfer tasks and FAQs. This is not psychometric validation and does not predict test performance. No human expert or examiner review is claimed. English AIdol is an independent preparation service, not an ETS affiliate. Report an error through our editorial and corrections policy.

Practise this topic

Frequently Asked Questions

Does to always need a base verb after it?

No. Infinitive to takes the base verb, as in hope to arrive. Prepositional to can take an -ing form, as in look forward to arriving. Read the whole expression before deciding.

Are gerunds past actions and infinitives future actions?

That is not a reliable general rule. We look forward to meeting someone can refer to the future but still requires -ing. Learn the governing verb or preposition; use the specific meaning contrasts with stop, remember and try where relevant.

Why is made followed by different forms in the examples?

Active make uses an object and a bare infinitive: The manager made us wait. Passive made uses a to-infinitive: We were made to wait. The change of voice changes the construction.

Do these 20 questions produce an official TOEIC Reading score?

No. This is original, independent, untimed practice on one grammar topic. It has not been equated to an official test, and no conversion from an answer count to a TOEIC score is provided.

Who wrote and reviewed this practice?

English AIdol prepared the examples and questions with AI assistance. They are not official or recalled ETS items. No human expert or examiner review, ETS endorsement, or calibrated difficulty is claimed.

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TOEIC Part 5 Gerunds vs Infinitives:Rules and 20 Questions